Genital tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis that affects the reproductive organs, particularly the fallopian tubes and uterus in women and the epididymis in men. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the same bacteria responsible for pulmonary tuberculosis. Genital TB is a type of extrapulmonary TB or TB that occurs outside the lungs.
Symptoms of genital TB
While genital TB mostly doesn’t exhibit any symptoms, couples who are trying to get pregnant may experience infertility.
Depending on other factors, you may also experience symptoms like:
- Pelvic pain
- Abnormal vaginal discharge
- Testicular pain
- Swelling or lumps in the private parts
- Heaviness in the testicles
- Irregularities associated to menstrual cycle
- Slight fever
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
How can genital tuberculosis impact fertility?
Fallopian tube blockage:
- Genital tuberculosis can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the fallopian tubes.
- Scarred tubes can hinder the passage of eggs, preventing fertilization and increasing the risk of ectopic pregnancies.
Uterine involvement:
- In women, the infection can affect the lining of the uterus and make it hostile for embryo implantation.
- This may result in recurrent miscarriages or infertility.
Premature ovarian failure:
- Genital TB can impact one or both ovaries, causing premature ovarian failure.
- In this condition, the ovaries can stop functioning. It affect the quality of eggs or sometimes stop releasing eggs.
Epididymal obstruction:
- Men with genital tuberculosis may experience blockages in the epididymis, affecting sperm transport.
- Reduced sperm motility and count can contribute to male infertility.
Inflammation and fibrosis:
- Chronic inflammation and fibrosis caused by genital tuberculosis can disrupt normal reproductive processes in both men and women.
- These changes may compromise the overall fertility potential.
Diagnosis and treatment
- Diagnostic tests may include imaging studies, laparoscopy, Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs), histopathological examination, endometrial biopsy and microbiological tests.
- Treatment involves a prolonged course of anti-tubercular drugs, typically lasting several months.
- Surgery might be needed in some cases to remove blockages or scar tissue.
- Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) like IVF may be considered after successful TB treatment.
- Surgical intervention may be necessary in cases of severe damage or complications.
Prevention and awareness
- Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial for minimizing the impact of genital tuberculosis on fertility.
- Couples experiencing difficulty conceiving should seek comprehensive fertility evaluations, including screening for genital tuberculosis.
- Increased awareness among the people is essential to ensure early detection and intervention.
- Following good respiratory hygiene, especially in public spaces, is a good way to prevent the risks of TB.
- Avoid close contact with any person who has been recently diagnosed with tuberculosis.
- Practising safer sex is also recommended.
- If you have TB or experience fertility issues, consult your healthcare professional immediately.
For those looking forward to being parents, understanding the potential implications of genital tuberculosis is key to maintaining reproductive health. Recognizing the symptoms, seeking prompt medical attention and adopting preventive measures are vital steps in mitigating its impact.
Sources:
Healthline
Queen’s Gynecology
Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science & Research
Medicover Hospitals
